Document Type : Research
Author
Abstract
The Null Subject Parameter (NSP) can be defined based on ‘Subject Requirement Constraint’ of Perlmutter (1971) (Jaeggli & Safir 1989). According to this parameter, Null Subject Languages may have phonologically null subjects in tensed sentences whereas non-Null Subject Languages require phonologically realized subjects. Then all languages of the world can be divided to two subgroups: pro-drop or null subject languages and non-null subject languages. However in this article we want to show in spite of some similarities, the null subject languages have different properties and they are divided to four subgroups: consistent, expletive, discourse and partial null subject languages. This article deals with common properties of each subgroup and investigates justifying each of them based on null subject parameters of Rizzi (1982). It also studies the behavior of Persian and tries to find the status of Persian in such classification. This issue is critical especially when linguists want to investigate a syntactic phenomenon in Persian and try to achieve a generalization in this area.
Keywords
احمدی گیوی، حسن و حسن انوری (1395). دستور زبان فارسی1. ویرایش چهارم .چاپ پنجم. تهران: انتشارات فاطمی.
باطنی، محمدرضا (1348). توصیف ساختمان دستوری زبان فارسی. تهران: امیرکبیر.
رضایی، والی (1389). «نگاهی تازه به ساخت مجهول در زبان فارسی». مجلۀ پژوهشهای زبانشناسی. صص 43-19.
صادقی ، علی اشرف و غلامرضا ارژنگ (1356). دستور زبان فارسی. تهران: انتشارات وزارت آموزش و پرورش.
غلامعلیزاده، خسرو (1390). ساخت زبان فارسی. چاپ ششم. تهران: احیاء کتاب.
لازار، ژیلبر (1389). دستور زبان فارسی معاصر. ترجمۀ مهستی بحرینی. چاپ دوم. تهران: هرمس.
متولیان، رضوان (1389). ساخت کنترلی در زبان فارسی و اهمیت عوامل معنایی. پایان‌نامۀ دکتری. دانشگاه تهران.
.......... (1390). «خودایستایی و مقولۀ تهی در ساخت کنترل اجباری زبان فارسی». مجلۀ پژوهشهای زبانشناسی. صص 102-85.
Adli, Aria (2010). "Constraint Cumulativity and Gradience: Wh-scrambling in Persian". Lingua. 120: 9. pp. 2259-2294.
Arslan, C. (1999). Approaches to Wh-Structures in Turkish.Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Boaziçi University.
Barbosa, P. (2010). "Partial Pro-drop as Null NP-anaphora". Presented at NELS 41, UPenn, 2010 and Romania Nova, Campos do Jordão, 2011.
Bouchard, D. (1984). On the Content of Empty Categories. Dordrech.
Borer, H. (1986). "I-subjects". Linguistic Inquiry. 17. pp. 375-416.
Borer, H. (1989). "Anaphoric agr". The Null Subject Parameter. O. Jaeggli & K. Safir (eds.). Kluwer. pp. 69–110.
Burzio, L. (1986). Italian Syntax. Riedel, Dordrecht.
Cardinaletti, A. (1990). Impersonal Constructions and Sentential Arguments in German. Padua: Unipress.
Camacho, J. (2001). "On the Interpretation of Focus Features". Features and Interfaces. J. Herschenson, E. Mallén & K. Zagona (eds.). Benjamins, Philadelphia. pp. 39–48.
Camacho, J. (2011). On Null Subjects: Towards a Unified Analysis of the Null Subject Variation. Rutgers University.
Camacho, J. & J. Elías-Ulloa (2010). "Null Subject Systems in Shipibo Switch-reference". Information Structure in Languages of the Americas. J. Camacho, R. Guitérrez-Bravo & L. Sánchez (eds.). Mouton deGruyter, Berlin. pp. 65–85.
Chierchia, G. (1998). "Reference to Kinds across Languages". Natural Language Semantics. 6(4). pp. 339–405.
Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding.Foris, Dordrecht.
Chomsky, N (1982). Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N (1993). "A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory". The View from Building 20. K. Hale, S. Keyser (eds.). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. pp. 1–52.
Chomsky, N. & H. Lasnik (1977). "Filters and Control". Linguistic Inquiry. 8. pp. 425–504.
Frommer, Paul R. (1981). Post-verbal Phenomena in Colloquial Persian Syntax. PhD Dissertation, University of Southern California.
Holmberg, A. (2000). "Deriving OV Order in Finnish". The Derivation of VO and OV Orders. Amsterdam. John Benjamin. pp.123-152.
Holmberg, A (2005). "Is there a Little pro? Evidence from Finnish". Linguistic Inquiry. 36. pp. 533–64.
Holmberg, A. & Urpo Nikanne (2002). "Expletives, Subjects, and Topics in Finnish". Subjects, Expletives, and the EPP. Svenonius, P. (ed.). New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 71-105.
Holmberg, A., A. Nayudu & M. Sheehan (2009). "Three Partial Null-subject Languages: a Comparison of Brazilian Portuguese, Finnish and Marathi". Studia Linguistica. 63. pp. 59–97.
Holmberg, A. & Michelle Sheehan (2010). "Control into Finite Clauses in Partial Null-subject Languages". Parametric Variation, Null Subjects in Minimalist Theory. Theresa Biberauer, Anders Holmberg, Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan (eds.), 2010. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125-152.
Huang, J. (1984). "On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns". Linguistic Inquiry. 15. pp. 531–74.
Huang, J. (1989). "Pro-drop in Chinese: A Generalized Control Theory". The Null Subject Parameter. O. Jaeggli & K. Safir (eds.). Dordrecht:Kluwer. pp. 185–214.
Jaeggli, O. (1980). On Some Phonologically-null Elements in Syntax. Ph.D. Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Jaeggli, O. & Kenneth Safir (1989). "The Null Subject Parameter and Parametric Theory". The Null Subject Parameter. Osvaldo Jaeggli & Kenneth Safir (eds). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp.1-44.
Joseph, B. (1994). "On Weak Subjects and Pro-drop in Greek". Themes in Greek Linguistics. I. Philippaki-Warburton, K. Nikolaidis & M. Sifianou (eds.). John Benjamins, Amsterdam. op. 21-32.
Karimi, Simin (2005). A Minimalist Approach to Scrambling: Evidence from Persian. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Karimi, Simin & Azita Taleghani (2007). Wh-movement, Interpretation, and Optionality in Persian. Ms. University of Arizona.
Kiss, K. E. (2003). "Argument Scrambling, Operator Movement, and Topic Movement in Hungarian". Word Order and Scrambling. S. Karimi (ed.). Blackwell. pp. 22-43.
Koopman, H. & D. Sportiche (1991). "The Position of Subjects". Lingua. 85. Special Issue Edited by J. McCloskey. pp. 211–258
Mohanan, K & P. Karuvannur (1983). "Functional and Anaphoric Control". Linguistic Inquiry. 14. pp. 641-674.
Perlmutter, D. (1971). Deep and Surface Constraints in Syntax. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Rizzi, L. (1982). Issues in Italian Syntax. Dordrecht: Foris.
Rizzi, L (1986). "Null Objects in Italian and the Theory of pro". Linguistic Inquiry. 17. pp. 501–57.
Rizzi, L. (1997). "The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery". Elements of Grammar: A Handbook of Generative Syntax. L. Haegeman (ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp. 281-337.
Roberts, I. & A. Holmberg (2010). "Parameters in Minimalist Theory". Parametric Variation: Null Subjects in Minimalist Theory. Theresa Biberauer, Anders Holmberg, Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan (eds.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88-124.
Ross, J. (1967). Constraints on Variables in Syntax. PhD Dissertation: MIT.
Shlonsky, U. (1989). Null and Displaced Subjects, Bloomington. [Revised Version of 1987 MIT dissertation].
Shlonsky, U (2009). "Hebrew as a Partial Null-subject Language". Studia Linguistica. 63. pp.133–157.
Taraldsen, T. (1980). On the NIC, Vacuous Application and the that-trace Filter. MIT and Indiana Linguistics Club.
Tomioka, S. (2003)."The Semantics of Japanese Null Pronouns and its Cross-Linguistic Implications". The Interfaces: Deriving and Interpreting Omitted Structures. K. Schwabe & S. Winkler (eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 321–40.
Vainikka, A. & Y. Levy (1999). "Empty Subjects in Finnish and Hebrew". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 17. pp. 613–671.
', './data/jlr/coversheet/cover_en.jpg'))