Using Corpus Pattern Analysis (CPA) To Recognize Meanings of Zadan

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Professor of Linguistics, University of Tehran, Iran,

2 PhD candidate in Linguistics, University of Tehran, Iran

Abstract

With the advent of huge corpora in recent decades, there has appeared a tendency among researchers to utilize them in lexicography. According to Miller (2018), a major issue involved in Persian lexicography is the presence of light verbs. The present study sought to address the issue using corpora and methods of computational lexicography.
A light verb is in fact a complex predicate composed of two or more predicate elements: a semantic light verb and a second component (including a noun, an adjective, or a prepositional phrase). In Persian, there are 150 to 200 full verbs, and other verb-related ideas are expressed by light verbs, which explains why they are of such great significance in the language. Light verbs have been investigated from different aspects including compoundability, separability, and syntactic structure. The present function-oriented research, however, was based exclusively on data extracted from a corpus.

Keywords


  1. Amberber, M., Baker, B., & Harvey, M. (2010). Complex predicates: Cross-linguistic perspectives on event structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  2. Baisa, V., Bradbury, J., Cinková, S., El Maarouf, I., Kilgarriff, A., & Popescu, O. (2015). Semeval-2015 task 15: A cpa dictionary-entry-building task. In D. M. Cer, D. Jurgens, P. Nakov, T. Zesch (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2015) (pp. 315-324). Denver: Association for Computational Linguistics.
  3. Bradbury, J., & El Maarouf, I. (2013, November). An empirical classification of verbs based on Semantic Types: the case of the ‘poison’verbs. In N. T. Nguyen, F. L. Gaol, T. Hong, B. Trawiński (Eds.), Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Semantic Processing. Textual Inference and Structures in Corpora (pp. 70-74). Switzerland: Springer.
  4. Burger, H. (2003). Eine Einführung am Beispiel des Deutschen. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
  5. Butt, M. (2010). The light verb jungle: Still hacking away. Complex predicates: Cross-linguistic perpectives on event structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  6. Cowie, A. P. (Ed.). (1998). Phraseology: Theory, analysis, and applications. OUP Oxford.
  7. El Maarouf, I., Marsic, G., & Orasan, C. (2015). Barbecued Opakapaka: Using Semantic Preferences for Ontology Population. In G. Angelova, K. Bontcheva & R. Mitkov (Eds.), RANLP (International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing) (pp. 153-159). Bulgaria: INCOMA Ltd.
  8. Emami, K. (2009). Farhang-e moaser-e kimya farsi-engelisi (Farhang Moaser Kimya Persian-English dictionary) (4nd ed.). Tehran: Farhang Moaser [In Persian].
  9. Evert, S. (2011). Distributional Semantics. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
  10. Faghiri, P & Samvelian, P. 2021. The issue of “separability” in Persian complex predicates. In B. Crysmann & M. Sailer (Eds.), One-to-many relations in morphology, syntax, and semantics (pp. 117–149). Berlin: Language Science Press.
  11. Faghiri, P. )2016(. La variation de l’ordre des constituants dans le domaine préverbal en persan: approche empirique. PhD dissertation. Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris, Paris, France.
  12. Faghiri, P., & Samvelian, P. (2014). Constituent ordering in Persian and the weight factor. In Ch. Pinon (Ed.), Empirical issues in syntax and semantics 10 (EISS 10), 215–232. CNRS.
  13. Faghiri, P., Samvelian, P., & Hemforth, B. (2014). Accessibility and word order: The case of ditransitive constructions in Persian.  In S. Müller (Ed.), Proceedings of HPSG 2014 (pp. 217–237). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
  14. Faghiri, P., Samvelian, P., & Hemforth, B. (2018). Is there a canonical order in Persian ditransitive constructions? Corpus based and experimental studies. In Agnes Korn & Andrej Malchukov (eds.), Ditransitive constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective (pp. 165–185). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
  15. Family, N. (2011). Verbal islands in Persian. Folia Linguistica, 45(1), 1-30.
  16. Fellbaum, C. (1998). WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  17. Fleischhauer, J., & Neisani, M. (2020). Adverbial and attributive modification of Persian separable light verb constructions. Journal of Linguistics, 56(1), 45-85.
  18. Gerdes, K., & Samvelian, P. (2008). A statistical approach to Persian light verb constructions. Paper presented at 27th conference on Lexis and Grammar, 10-13 September. L'Aquila, Italy.
  19. Glaser, R. (1986). Phraseologie der englischen Sprache. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopa¨ die.
  20. Granger, S. & Paquot, M. (2008). Disentangling the phraseological web. In S. Granger & F. Meunier (Eds.), Phraseology: An Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 27-49). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.
  21. Hanks, P. (2004). The Syntagmatics of Metaphor and Idioms. International Journal of Lexicography, 17 (3), 245-274.
  22. Hanks, P. (2013). Lexical analysis: Norms and exploitations. MIT Press.
  23. Hanks, P., & Može, S. (2019). The way to analyse ‘way’: A case study in word-specific local grammar. International Journal of Lexicography, 32(3), 247-269.
  24. Hanks, P., & Pustejovsky, J. (2005). A Pattern Dictionary for Natural Language Processing. in Revue Française de linguistique appliqué, 10 (2), 63-82.
  25. Izanloo, A., & Nasib Zarraby, F. (2016). A Semantic Study of “xordan” based on The Basic Meaning of “accepting”. Zabanpazhuhi. 10 (20), 125-142 [In Persian].
  26. Karimi-Doostan G, Roohi Bygi Z. (2016). A cognitive study of light verb polysemy: The case of ZADAN. IQBQ. 2016; 7 (3), 129-148 retrieved from <http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9502-fa.html> [In Persian].
  27. Karimi-Doostan, G. (1997). Light verb constructions in Persian. PhD Dissertation, University of Essex, Essex, England.
  28. Mansouri, M. (2013). Light Verbs in Persian Complex Predicates. Journal of Western Iranian Languages and Dialects, 1(1), 77-104 [In Persian].
  29. Miller C.A. (2018) The lexicography of Persian (Farsi, Tajiki, and Dari). In: Hanks P., de Schryver GM. (eds) International Handbook of Modern Lexis and Lexicography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
  30. Mohammad, J. and Karimi, S. (1992). Light verbs are taking over: Complex predicates in Persian. In J. A. Nevis & V. Samiian (Eds.), Proceedings of the Western Conference on Linguistics, (vol. 5, pp. 195–212). Fresno: California State University.
  31. Nunberg, G., Sag, I. A., & Wasow, T. (1994). Idioms. Language, 70(3), 491-538.
  32. Popescu, O., Palmer, M., & Hanks, P. (2014). Mapping CPA Patterns onto OntoNotes Senses. In H. Bunt (Ed.), LREC (pp. 882-889). Reykjavik: European Language Resources Association (ELRA).
  33. Sadri-Afshar, G. H., Hakami, N., & Hakami, N. (2008). Farhang-e moaser-e farsi (Farhang Moaser contemporary Persian dictionary) (5nd ed.). Tehran: Farhang Moaser [In Persian].
  34. Sag, I. A., Baldwin, T., Bond, F., Copestake, A., & Flickinger, D. (2002). Multiword expressions: A pain in the neck for NLP. In A. Gelbukh (Ed.), International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (pp. 1-15). Heidelberg: Springer.
  35. Samvelian, P., and Faghiri, P. (2013). Introducing PersPred, a syntactic and semantic database for Persian complex predicates. In V. Kordoni, C. Ramisch & A. Villavicencio (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Multiword Expressions (pp. 11-20). Atlanta, Georgia, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.
  36. Steyer, K. (2015). Patterns. Phraseology in a state of flux. International Journal of Lexicography, 28(3), 279-298.
  37. Wierzbicka, A. (1984). Apples are not a kind of fruit: the semantics of human categorization. American Ethnologist, 11 (2), 313–328.