توصیف و تحلیل چند واژه مؤدبانه و کارکرد آنها در زبان فارسی در چارچوب نظریه ادب براون و لوینسون

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه فردوسی

چکیده

این تحقیق در چارچوب نظریه ادب به توصیف و تحلیل 5 واژه‌ و عبارت پرکاربرد مؤدبانه در زبان فارسی می‌پردازد. داده-ها از گفتار واقعی افراد از سنین و طبقات اجتماعی مختلف واز طریق مشاهده و یادداشت‌برداری در بافت‌های مختلفی چون خیابان، مراکز خرید، دانشگاه، مهمانی و غیره گرد‌آوری شده‌اند. قابل ذکر است که واژه‌ها و عبارات مؤدبانه همیشه به یک معنی نیستند و در بافت‌های مختلف کارکردهای متفاوتی دارند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که فارسی‌زبانان گفتار مؤدبانه را فقط برای انجام کنش‌های تهدید‌کننده وجهه به کار نمی‌برند، بلکه آن را جهت حفظ و تقویت وجهه و احترام به دیگران نیز به‌کار می‌گیرند؛ لازم به ذکر است که یکی از محدودیت‌های نظریه براون و لوینسون(1987) این است که ادب را با تلطیف کنش‌های تهدیدکننده وجهه توصیف می‌کنند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که عمده‌ترین استراتژی زیربنایی واژ‌ه‌ها و عبارات مؤدبانه، استراتژی ادب منفی است که افراد بیشتر آن را با بافت‌های رسمی یا نیمه‌رسمی به‌کار می‌برند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Describing and analysing of some polite words in Persian based on Brown and Levinson’ s politeness theory

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shahla Sharifi
  • Mahmoud Elyasi
  • Massoumeh Khodaei Moghaddam
چکیده [English]


Describing and Analysing  some Polite Words in Persian based on Brown and Levinson’ s Politeness Theory




Massoumeh Khodaei Moghaddam[1]
Mahmoud Elyasi[2]
Shahla Sharifi   [3]
                                                                                     Received: 10/19/2014
                                                                                    Accepted:   1/11/2015                        
Abstract




This research, based on Politeness Theory, describes and analyzes five common words and expressions of politeness used in Persian. The data has been collected out of observations and  note taking of real conversations in different natural situations as on streets, shopping centers, universities, parties, etc. Words and expressions of politeness have different meanings in different contexts. The results show that Persian speakers not only use politeness speech for mitigating face threatening acts (FTA), but also use it for the maintenance and enhancement of addressees’ face and honor. This can lead us to one of the limitations of Brown and Levinson’s (1987) Politeness Theory which describes politeness by mitigating FTA. The results also show that the major underlying strategy of words and expressions of politeness is “negative politeness” strategy. It might be worth mentioning that these words and expressions are used by speakers mostly in formal or close to formal contexts.




Keywords: politeness, Politeness Strategies, function, face, context





 



[1] Doctoral Candidate, Linguistics; ma.khodaeimoghaddam@mail.um.ac.ir,
( Corresponding Author).


[2] Assistant Professor, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; elyasim@um.ac.ir


[3] Associate Professor , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; sh-sharifi@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Politeness
  • Politeness Strategies
  • Function
  • Face
  • context
آزاد ارمکی، تقی و بیکران بهشت، محمد (1389). "تعارف در زیست روزمره ایرانی". مجله برگ هنر. شماره 22.
بی­من، ویلیام (1381). زبان،منزلت و قدرت در ایران. ترجمه رضا ذوقدارمقدم. تهران: نشر نی.
یول، جورج (1385). کاربردشناسی زبان. ترجمه عموزاده مهدیرجی،محمد و منوچهر توانگر.تهران: انتشارات سمت.
 
Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: ClarendonPress.
Bakker, G. (2003). Do the English write better than the Dutch? Unpublished M.A. thesis, Utrechet University.
Beebe, L., Takahashi, T., & Uliss-Weltz, R. (1990). "Pragmatic transfer in ESLrefusals". In Scarcella, R., Anderson, E., Krashen, S. (Eds.), Developing communication competence in a second language. (pp. 55–73).New York: Newbury House.  
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cheng, S. W. (2005). An exploratory cross-sectional study of interlanguage pragmatic development of expressions of gratitude by Chinese learners of English. Unpublished PhD Dissertation; The University of Lowa.
Crystal, D. (2010). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Elyasi, M. & Sharifi, Sh. & Khodaei Moghaddam, M. (2014)."“Xaste nabâši(d)” as a culture specific speech act in Persian".Journal of Advances in Linguistics,4(1),283-289.
Fasold, R. (1987). The sociolinguistics of society. (New York: Blackwell.
Goffman, E. (1971). The presentation of self in everyday life. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Goffman, E. (2001). "On face work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction". In A. Jaworski, and N. Coupland (Eds.). The discourse reader. London and New York: Routledge.
Holmes, J. (1986). "Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English". Anthropological Linguistics, 28 (4), 485-508.
Kasper, G. & Rose, K. R. (2001). Pragmatics in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pishghadam, R. & Norouz Kermanshahi, P. (2012). "Insha’Allah (God’s Willing) and its functions in Persian". Studies in Literature and Language.  4 (1), 1-6.
Pomerantz, A. (1978). "Compliment responses: notes on the cooperation of multiple constraints". In Schenkein, Jim, (Ed.), Studies in the organization of conversational interaction. pp. 79–112. New York: Academic Press.
Rafiee , A. (1992). Variables of communicative incompetence in the performance of Iranian learners of English and English learners of Persian. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of London.
Scollon, R. & Scollon, S. W. (1995). Intercultural communication: A discourse
     approach. Oxford: Blackwell.
Searle, J. (1969). Speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. (1975). "Indirect speech acts". In C. Peter & Morgan, J. (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 3: Speech acts. pp 59- 82. New York : Academic Press.
Sharifian, F. (2007)." L1cultural conceptualizations in L2 learning: The case of Persian-speaking learners of English". IN Sharifian, F. & Palmer,G. (2007). pp, 33-62. Applied cultural linguistics: Implications for second language learning and intercultural communication. Amesterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Tanck, S. (2003). "Speech acts sets of refusals and complaint: A comparison of native and non-native English speakers’ production". TESL Second Language Acquisition, 4, 1-22.
Watts, R.J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolfson, N. (1981). "Compliments in cross-cultural perspectives". TESOL Quarterly, 15 (2), 117–123.
Wolfson, N. (1989)." The social dynamics of native and non-native variation in a complimenting". In M. Eisenstein (Ed.), Variation in second language acquisition: Empirical views . pp. 219-236. New York: plenum press.
Wolfson, N. & Manes,J. (1980). "The compliment as a social strategy". Papers in Linguistics.13, 391–410.
Yousefvand, Z. (2010). "Study of compliment speech act realization patterns across gender in Persian". Arizona Working Papers in SLA & Teaching. 17, 91- 112.