تفاوت‌های تاثیرگذاری سطوح پردازش لغت در پردازش اسم و فعل در زبان دوم و اهمیت آن در آموزش زبان انگلیسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

بر اساس مطالعات روانشناسی زبان، در پردازش و بازیافت لغت، آمادگی ادراکی، مفاهیم لغوی، کدگذاری نحوی، ویژگی‌های وندی، والگوهای آوایی مورد تاکید قرارگرفته اند. همچنین با در نظرگرفتن مطالعات پیشین، نظریاتی در مورد توالی و همزمانی سطوح پردازش لغت به لحاظ آوایی، وندی، نحوی، و معنایی مطرح ‌شده است، اما میزان تاثیرگذاری این سطوح در پردازش لغت مورد بررسی قرار نگرفته است. در این پژوهش که با مشارکت هشتاد و شش نفر دانشجوی مقطع کارشناسی زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی انجام گرفت، با استفاده از آزمون نامیدن تصویر به عنوان ابزاری شناختی، تفاوت‌های تاثیرگذاری سطوح پردازش لغت در بازیافت اسم و فعل در زبان دوم بررسی شد. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، در زبان دوم، پردازش اسامی بیشتر متاثر از سطح ادراک، و پردازش افعال بیشتر متاثر از سطح قاعده سازی می‌باشد. در نتیجه در آموزش اسامی به زبان انگلیسی، تاکید بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و خصوصیت ظاهری قابل مشاهده و در آموزش افعال تاکید بر خصوصیت‌های وندی به نحو معناداری یادگیری را تسهیل می کند. همچنین، اسامی مدت زمان بیشتری در حافظه باقی می‌ماند، ولی یادگیری ضمنی افعال در مقایسه با اسامی بیشتر می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Differences in Contribution of Lexical Processing Levels in L2 Noun and Verb Processing and their Implications in English Language Teaching

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Tabassi Mofrad
  • Reza Ghafar Samar
  • Ramin Akbari
چکیده [English]

Differences in Contribution of Lexical Processing Levels in L2 Noun and Verb Processing and their Implications in English Language Teaching
 
Fatemeh Tabassi Mofrad[1]
 
Reza Ghafar Samar[2]
 
Ramin Akbari[3]
 
 
Received: 2014/06/07
Accepted: 2015/04/06
 
 
Abstract
In psycholinguistic studies, with regard to cognitive models, conceptual preparation, lexical concepts, lemmas, morphemes, phonological words and phonetic patterns have been proposed as different levels of lexical processing. In previous studies, some theories have suggested the sequencing and the simultaneity of the processing modules; however, the contribution of each specific processing level has not been determined. In this study, with the participation of eighty-six undergraduate students of English Literature, picture naming task was used to determine the differences in contribution of lexical processing levels in second language (L2) noun and verb processing. According to this research, in L2, noun processing is mostly under the influence of the conceptualization stage and verb processing is mostly under the influence of the formulation stage. Therefore, it may be concluded that in language teaching, emphasizing the visual codes of concrete nouns and the morphological features of verbs, specifically facilitate learning. Moreover, with respect to the findings of this research, it may be proposed that nouns have longer retention in comparison with verbs; however, verbs are more subject to incidental learning.  
 
Keywords:
noun and verb Processing, lexical processing levels, picture naming task, English Language teaching, Learning
 



[1] PhD Candidate, Department of Applied Linguistics, Tarbiat Modraes University, Tehran, Iran, f.tabassimofrad@modares.ac.ir
 


[2] Associate Professor, Department of Applied Linguistics, Tarbiat Modraes University, Tehran, Iran, rgsamar@modares.ac.ir, ( Corresponding Author).


[3] Associate Professor, Department of Applied Linguistics, Tarbiat Modraes University, Tehran, Iran, akbari_r@modares.ac.ir
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Noun and Verb Processing
  • Lexical Processing Levels
  • Picture Naming Task
  • English language teaching
  • learning
غفار ثمر، رضا، فاطمه طبسی مفرد و رامین اکبری (1393). «تفاوت‌های شناختی در سرعت نامیدن تصویر میان مردان و زنان دو زبانة فارسی-انگلیسی». فصل‌نامة جستارهای زبانی (پژوهش‌های زبان و ادبیات تطبیقی سابق). د 5. ش 2. صص 178-161.
Arévalo, L. A. (2002). "Teasing Apart Actions and Objects: A Picture Naming Study". CRL Newsletter. 14. 2. pp. 1-15.
Aronoff, M. (1994). Morphology by Itself. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Barry, C., C. M. Morrison & A. W. Ellis (1997). "Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart Pictures: Effects of Age of Acquisition, Frequency, and Name Agreement". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 50A. pp. 560-585.
Bonin, P., M. Chalard, A. Meot & M. Fayol (2002). "The Determinants of Spoken and Written Picture Naming Latencies". British Journal of Psychology. 93. pp. 89-114.
Biran, M. & N. Friedmann (2012). "The Representation of Lexical-syntactic Information: Evidence from Syntactic and Lexical Retrieval Impairments in Aphasia. Cortex. 48. pp.1103- 1127.
Caramazza, A. (1997). "How Many Levels of Processing are there in Lexical Access?". Cognitive Neuropsychology. 14. pp.177- 208.
Caramazza, A. & M. Miozzo (1997). "The Relation between Syntactic and Phonological Knowledge in Lexical Access: Evidence from the ‘Tip-of-the-tongue’ Phenomenon". Cognition. 64(3). pp. 309-343.
Davidoff, J. & J. Masterson (1995/6). "The Development of Picture Naming: Differences between Verbs and Nouns". Neurolinguistics. 9 (2). pp. 69-83.
Dotan, D. & N. Friedmann (2007). "From Seven Dwarfs to Four Wolves: Differences in the Processing of Number Words and other Words". Language and Brain. 6. pp. 3-17.
………. (2010). "Words and Numbers in the Phonological Output Buffer". Presented at the Academy of Aphasia Meeting, Athens, Greece.
Druks, J. (2002). "Verbs and Nouns- A Review of the Literature". Journal of Neurolinguistics. 15. pp. 289-315.
Druks, J. & T. Shallice (2000). "Selective Preservation of Naming from Description and the 'Restricted Preverbal Message'". Brain and Language. 72. pp. 100-28.
Garn, C. L., M. D. Allen & J. D. Larsen (2009). "An fMRI Study of Sex Differences in Brain Activation during Object Naming". Cortex. 45. pp. 610-618.
Glaser, W. R. (1992). "Picture Naming". Cognition. 42. pp. 61–105.
Helbig, B. H., M. Graf & M. Kiefer (2006). "The Role of Action Representations in Visual Object Recognition". Exp Brain Res. 174.pp. 221-228.
Indefrey, P. & W. J. M. Levelt (2004). "The Spatial and Temporal Signatures of Word Production Components". Cognition. 92. pp.101–144.
Kolan, L., M. Leikin & P. Zwitserlood (2011). "Morphological Processing and Lexical Access in Speech Production in Hebrew: Evidence from Picture–word Interference". Journal of Memory and Language. 65.pp. 286-298.
Levelt, W. J. M., A. Roelofs & A.S. Meyer (1999). " Theory of Lexical Access in Speech Production". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 22. pp. 1–75.
Liljeström, M., A. Tarkiainen, T. Parviainen, J. Kujala, J. Numminen, J. Hiltunen, M. Laine & R. Salmelina (2008). "Perceiving and Naming Actions and Objects". NeuroImage. 41. pp. 1132-1141.
Liljestro¨m, M., A. Hulte´n, L. Parkkonen & R. Salmelin (2009). "Comparing MEG and fMRI Views to Naming Actions and Objects". Human Brain Mapping. 30. pp.1845–1856.
Martin, A., L. L. Chao (2001). "Semantic Memory and the Brain: Structure and Processes". Neurobiology. 11. pp. 194–201.
Ma¨tziga, S., J. Druksa, J. Masterson & G. Viglioccoa (2009). "Noun and Verb Differences in Picture Naming: Past Studies and New Evidence". Cortext. 45. pp. 738-758.
Miceli, G., M. C. Silveri, U. Nocentini & A. Caramazza (1988). "Patterns of Dissociations in Comprehension and Production of Nouns and Verbs". Aphasiology. 2. pp. 351-8.
Morrison, C. M. & A. W. Ellis (2000). "Real Age of Acquisition Effects in Word Naming and Lexical Decision". British Journal of Psychology. 91. pp.167-180.
Morrison, C. M., A. W. Ellis & P. T. Quinlan (1992). "Age of Acquisition, not Word Frequency, Affects Object Naming, not Object Recognition". Memory and Cognition. 20. pp.705-714.
Morsella, E. & M. Miozzo (2002). "Evidence for a Cascade Model of Lexical Access in Speech Production". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition. 28. pp. 555-563.
Navarrete, E. & A. Costa (2005). "Phonological Activation of Ignored Pictures: Further Evidence for a Cascade Model of Lexical Access". Journal of Memory & Language. 53. pp. 359-377.
Plaut, D. C. & L. M. Gonnerman (2000). "Are Non-semantic Morphological Effects Incompatible with a Distributed Connectionist Approach to Lexical Processing?". Language and Cognitive Processes. 15(4/5). pp. 445–485.
Radford, A., M. Atkinson, D. Britain, H. Clahsen & A. Spenser (2008). Linguistics: An Introduction. Essex: Cambridge University Press.
Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H., F. M. Damian, A. M. Pe´rez, S. J. Bowers & J. Marı´n (2009). "Name–picture Verification as a Control Measure for Object Naming: A Task Analysis and Norms for a Large Set of Pictures". The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. (62)8. pp. 1581-1597.
Vigliocco, G., J. Warren, S. Siri, J. Arciuli, S. Scott & R. Wise (2006)."The Role of Semantics and Grammatical Class in the Neural Representation of Words". Cortex. 16. pp.1790–1796.