تبیین اختیاری‌بودن حرکت فعل در جملات پرسشی آری ‌ـ‌ نه در زبان فارسی: رویکردی کمینه‌گرا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشگر مستقل

2 دانشگاه رازی

چکیده

مقالة حاضر می‌کوشد تا در چارچوب برنامة کمینه‌گرا (Chomsky, 1995, 2000, 2001a-b)، اختیاری‌بودن فرایندی را در فارسی تبیین نماید که به‌موجب آن، فعل در جملات پرسشی آری ‌ـ‌ نه، ضمن ابقا در جای اصلی خود، قادراست به جایگاه آغازین جمله نیز جابه‌جا شود تا تعبیر پرسشی جمله را فراهم سازد. در این راستا، نخست تصریح می‌شود که اختیاری ‌بودن پیش‌گذاری فعل در جملات پرسشی آری ‌ـ‌ نه در زبان فارسی متضمن نوعی تناقض در زمینة قدرت دو ارزشی مشخصه‌ها در برنامة کمینه‌گرا است. در ادامه، با ارائة یک راهکار جایگزین، انگیزة پیش‌گذاری فعل در ساخت‌های مذکور را بازبینی مشخصة [- تأکید] و نیز مشخصة قوی [اصل فرافکنی گسترده](Chomsky, 2000, 2001a-b) در جایگاه هستة گروه تأکید قلمداد می‌کنیم.در تحلیل اخیر، پیش‌گذاری فعل در جملات مورد بحث از یک طرف و ابقای آن در‌جای‌خود، ازطرف‌دیگر، به‌ترتیب حاصل گزینش و عدم گزینش مشخصة [اصل فرافکنی گسترده] از واژگان توسط هستة گروه تأکید است. بدین ترتیب، در ساخت‌های گروه نخست، پس از بازبینی مشخصة قوی [اصل فرافکنی گسترده] در جایگاه هستة گروه تأکید، به‌دلیل عدم امکان حرکت فعل به هستة گروه متمم‌نما جهت بازبینی مشخصة [- پرسشی] به‌علت حضور متمم‌نمای «که» در این جایگاه، مشخصة [- پرسشی] هستة گروه متمم‌نما و مشخصة [+ پرسشی] فعل در جایگاه هستة گروه تأکید از طریق سازوکار مطابقه همدیگر را بازبینی می‌کنند. در مقابل، در ساخت‌های گروه دوم، این مطابقه و بازبینی میان مشخصة [- پرسشی] هستة گروه متمم‌نما و مشخصة [+ پرسشی] فعل در‌ جای‌ خود در هستة گروه فعلی انجام می‌شود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

On the Optionality of Verb-Preposing in Yes-No Questions in Persian: A Minimalist Approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Moghani 1
  • Shoja Tafakkori Rezayi 2
1 Independent Researcher
2 Razi University
چکیده [English]

The present paper examines a phenomenon by means of which the main verb in yes-no questions in the spoken form of Persian can either optionally move to the front of the sentence or remain in-situ, intending to yield an interrogative interpretation. However, as the latest approaches to the study of the linguistic systems do not opt for optionality, the issue of the optionality of verb movement in such structures, which seems to be an unfortunate drawback, should be settled down in some way or another.
More specifically, considering the theoretical framework of the paper, which is the feature checking mechanism within the Minimalist Program (Chomsky, 1981; 1982; 1993; 1995; 2000; 2001a-b), the optionality of verb-preposing in yes-no questions entails a contradiction in terms of the two-valued feature strength in the feature checking theory. A feature should be either [+ value] or [- value], and there is no in-between feature value. That is, a syntactic feature is either strong or weak, making the constituent it is associated with either move or remain in situ. Consequently, the optional movement of an element in syntax cannot be analyzed as having a strong and a weak feature simultaneously.
To do away with this inconsistency regarding verb-preposing in yes-no questions in Persian, this paper proposes an alternative approach relying on the notion of Extended Projection Principle ([EPP]) feature. The EPP is considered by Chomsky (2000, 2000a) as a feature optionally assigned to the head of a syntactic phrase, providing the necessary impetus for the overt movement of such a projection or the constituent thereof. In fact, the EPP feature is taken to be a syntactic mechanism or a strong syntactic feature which induces the overt movement of a constituent to satisfy certain semantic and functional requirements.
Turning to the Persian data, the adopted approach in this article considers checking the strong EPP-feature on the head of the focus phrase (FocP) as the trigger for verb-preposing in such constructions. In this approach, the difference between the verb fronting in yes-no questions, on the one hand, and its remaining in-situ, on the other hand, reduces to the optional selection of the EPP-feature from the lexicon by the head of the FocP. In the former case, after the verb has checked the strong EPP-feature on the head of FocP through movement to the Foco, it fails to move on to the head of CP due to the presence of the complementizer “ke” (that) on the Co. Subsequently, the [-Q] feature on the Co is matched with the [+Q] feature of the verb through agree, hence checking the [-Q] feature of the Co. In the latter case, on the contrary, the [-Q] feature on the Co is checked against the [+Q] feature on the verb through agree only, with no movement involved.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Yes-No Questions
  • Verb-Preposing
  • Optionality
  • Minimalist Program
  • EPP-Feature

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زبان پژوهی
دوره 9، شماره 25
بهمن 1396
صفحه 191-216

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