نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• ناهید جلیلی مرند ¹
• ساناز دهخوارقانی ²

¹ دکترای تخصصی زبان و ادبیات فرانسه، دانشیار گروه زبان فرانسه، هیأت علمی دانشگاه الزهرا (س)

² کارشناس ارشد مترجمی زبان فرانسه، گروه زبان فرانسه، دانشگاه الزهرا (س)

چکیده

در پژوهش حاضر، به بررسی و تحلیل ساختارِ نحوی و شبکة معنایی دو تکواژ پُربسامد /-oir/ و //-atoire در زبان فرانسه پرداخته‌ایم. بر پایة رویکرد تحلیلیِ مقاله، معادلِ فارسی واژگان پیکره پژوهش را نیز بررسی کرده‌ایم تا روند اشتقاق آن‌ها را در هر دو زبان مقایسه کنیم و ببینیم آیا در فارسی نیز در همان شبکه معنایی قرار می‌گیرند یا معانی دیگری نیز می‌توانند در این زبان داشته باشند. این تکواژها که به صورت پسوند استفاده می‌شوند، در رایج‌ترین حالتِ خود «مکان‌ساز» هستند، مانند کاربرد این پسوند در واژة «Abattoir» به معنای «کشتارگاه» و یا در واژة «Laboratoire» به مفهوم «آزمایشگاه». با این وجود، نکته مهم این است که مکان‌های مورد نظر همیشه واقعی نیستند و گاه به صورت مجازی به کار می‌روند، مانند کاربرد این پسوند در واژة «Mémoire» به معنای «حافظه» که در واقع مکانی برای حفظ مطالب است. بر پایة نقش پسوند «ابزارساز» /-oir/ در واژة «Arrosoir» به معنای «آب‌پاش» و پسوند «صفت‌ساز»    //-atoire در واژة «Evocatoire» به مفهوم «احضارکننده»، ساختار ویژه‌ای در هر دو زبان وجود دارد که با شرح جزئیات و آوردن نمونه‌های گوناگون، به مطالعه آن‌ها نیز پرداخته‌ایم. همچنین در این پژوهش، به استثناهای هر گروه از واژگان نیز اشاره شده و به این ترتیب می‌توان ادعا نمود که تحلیل این دو تکواژ در زبان فرانسه و معادل‌هایشان در فارسی از ورای نمونه‌های گوناگون و متنوع، امکان مقایسه ساختار نحوی، شبکه معنایی و وجوه اشتراک و افتراق آن‌ها را برای خواننده فراهم می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• شبکه معنایی
• تکواژ مکان ساز
• تکواژ ابزارساز
• فرایند اشتقاق
• ساختار نحوی واژه

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Study of the Semantic Network of /-oir/ and /-atoire/ Morphemes in French: A Comparative Approach

نویسندگان [English]

• Nahid Djalili Marand ¹
• Sanaz Dehkharghani ²

¹ Associate Professor of the Department of French Language, Faculty of Literature, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

² MA in French Translation, Al-Zahra University

چکیده [English]

INTRODUCTION
In this comparative, analytic, and descriptive study, we aimed to study and analyze the syntactic structure and the semantic network of the words focusing on two high frequency bound morphemes in French language which are /-oir/ and /-atoire/.  Both of these two bound morphemes are classified as suffixes that attach to roots and word stems to make new words with new meanings out of those roots.
Therefore, in this paper, we deal with the internal structure of the words and their different parts, and to be more specific with the derivational process of suffixes which is also called suffixation.
In the analytical part of the paper, we examined the French words with their Persian equivalents collected as the body of the research, in order to compare the derivation process in both languages and see if they go under the same process and share the same semantic network in both languages or they have other meanings in each language.
 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To study and investigate the two named morphemes we used library and corpus based process; that means we conduct the research with the help of various books and theories of different Persian and French linguists on morphological derivation subject.  With an analytic look, we examined the examples and words we had listed in French with their equivalent  in Persian according to our knowledge and experience in lexicology as the corpus and at the end we provided a descriptive-analytic explanation of the linguistic behavior of each concerned morpheme separately.
 
 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The achievements of the research show that these two morphemes, despite their homophony and phonetic resemblance, which is sometimes a source of mistaking one for another, appear differently in derivational process; one (/-oir/) makes derivatives and new words from verbs, but the other (/-atoire/) makes new derivatives and new words from nouns, which are necessarily the feminine gender of the nouns in French,. The new formed wordsgenerally end in /-ation/ that happens to form a noun making suffix itself.
We also found that these two suffixes, most commonly attach to word stems to make location nouns like “Abattoir” (slaughterhouse, کشتارگاه) or “Dortoir” (dormitory, خوابگاه) for /-oir/ suffix and “Laboratoire” (laboratory, آزمایشگاه) and “Observatoire” (observatory, رصدخانه) for /-atoir/ suffix. However, the important point to be mentioned is that there are some examples that are not exactly locations, i.e. literally denotating a real place, and they are used in both languages as virtual locations with a metaphoric meaning. To clarify this, we take the example of “Mémoire” (memory، حافظه) which is not a real location but a virtual place to keep information.
On the other hand, these two, each separately, are used to make another group of nouns as well: /-oir/ as a suffix to make instrument and tools name, like “Arrosoir” for (watering can, آب‌پاش) and /-atoire/ as a suffix to make adjectives like “Évocatoire” (evocative, احضارکننده). Each group of words has its own derivational process in both languages, as exemplified in detail during the study.
Moreover, the results showed that the equivalent of the syntactic structure of /-oir/, in most cases, is also a derived word in Persian, and the suffixes (-گاه، -رو) replace the French suffix like پالایشگاه (Affinoir) or خوابگاه (Dortoir) and راهرو (Couloir) or قلمرو (Territoire); Furthermore sometimes Persian words are the result of compounding. In this case, as an illustration,  the suffix /-oir/ is replaced with the Persian noun «خانه» like رختشورخانه (Lavoir) or سلاخ خانه  (Abattoir).  Among the equivalents, we found genitive cases as well, where a noun modifies another noun, indicating an attributive relationship between them.  This is the case in examples of زمین پاتیناژ (Patinoire) or اتاقک اعتراف  (confessoire) which accepts the Persian suffix –ک adding a minimalizing concept due to the implicit meaning of the word. As a suffix is used to make instrument and tools name, we see again these kinds of equivalents as genitive cases like قیچی هرس (Ébranchoir) or سبد انگورچینی (Vendangeoir), but most of the equivalences picked for tools are   the result of derivation of a noun with the principal part of a present tense of a verb as we see in کفگیر (Écumoire) or آب پاش (arrosoir).
Among Persian words we also found some simple words like قلاب (fermoir), دستمال (mouchoir) or تراش (aiguisoir) which are chosen as equivalents according to the implicit meaning of the word stem.
When it comes to the second suffix, i.e. /-atoire/ as a suffix used to make nouns of location again we found lots of equivalents in Persian which are derivative as well like آزمایشگاه (Laboratoire) or رصدخانه  (Observatoire). As an adjective making position, we came over various kinds of derivatives, sometimes made with principal part of the verbs like رهایی بخش  (Emancipatoire) or افتراآمیز(diffamatoire) and sometimes with   a suffixation process where the Persian adjective making suffix “-ی” attaches to nouns and produces an adjective like دَوَرانی for “Rotatoire” or اجباری for “obligatoire”.
We have pointed to exceptions of each group of the words.  It can be claimed that this analytic study of the words made with these two high frequency morphemes in French and their equivalents in Persian through multiple examples provides readers with the opportunity to compare syntactical structures and their semantic network.  Still more the similarities and differences made by these minimal units of the words carrying the specific meanings in the examples   of both languages are also shown.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Derivation
• Morphology
• Semantic network
• Suffix of instrument and tools
• Suffix of location
• Syntactic structure of words