نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• آزاده شریفی مقدم ¹
• فاطمه حبیبی ²
• مهدیه اسحاقی ³

¹ دکترای تخصصی زبان‌شناسی، دانشیار گروه زبان‌های خارجی، هیأت علمی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

² پژوهشگر پسادکتری رشته علوم قران و حدیث، گروه علوم قرآن و حدیث، دانشگاه الزهرا

³ دانش‌آموختة دکترای تخصصی زبان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر به بررسی شیوۀ مفهوم­ سازی خشم و عذاب الهی در قرآن کریم می­پردازد. به این ­منظور، نخست، آیه‌های دربرگیرندة مفهوم‌های مورد نظر گرد­آوری شدند و سپس از جنبة حوزه­ های مبدأ و نیز مرحله‌ها و سناریوی خشم مورد بررسی قرارگرفتند. هدف از این بررسی، یافتن تناظرهای قابلِ درک برای انسان در قرآن کریم است. مبنای این تناظر، شیوۀ مفهوم‌سازی خشم و الگوی حاکم بر آن در حالت‌های گوناگون انسانی، مدلِ کووچش (Kövecses, 1986) است. از یافته‌های این بررسی می­توان به مفهوم ­سازی خشم در قرآن کریم با استفاده از حوزه‌های مبدأ «آتش»، «بلا و خسران»، «حیوان»، «مادۀ خوراکیِ­ تلخ و گزنده»، «تاریکی و ظلمت» و «فاصله» اشاره نمود که شباهت چشم‌گیری با حوزه‌های مبدأ خشمِ انسانی دارد. این شباهت­ها با توجه به ماهیّت متفاوت خشم در خداوند و بشر، از آن ­جهت اهمیّت دارد که سازوکارهای کلام قرآنی را در انتقال پیام الهی به مخاطب بشری نشان می­دهد. به­ بیان دیگر، در راستایِ بعد هدایت­ گری و اهمیّت انتقال پیام الهی به مخاطب انسانی، خداوند از کلامی برای ارتباط با انسان بهره می‌برد که برای گونة بشری ملموس و مأنوس بوده و حقیقت‌های معنوی و واقعیت‌های انتزاعی را با بهره‌گیری از مفاهیم عینی و تجربی به او منتقل می ­نماید تا برای مخاطب خود درک‌پذیرتر باشد. همچنین، با توجه آیه‌ها و مستندات قرآنی الگوی خشم خداوند با سناریوی خشمِ انسانی تفاوت داشته و مشتمل بر سه مرحلۀ بینش و هدایت، هشدار و اخطار و در مرحلۀ آخر عقاب است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• قرآن‌کریم
• زبان‌شناسی شناختی
• استعارۀ مفهومی
• الگوی خشم
• حوزۀ مبدأ
• حوزۀ مقصد

20.1001.1.20088833.1400.13.38.4.7

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Cognitive Analysis of the Concepts of “Divine Anger and worldly Punishment” in the Holy Quran

نویسندگان [English]

• Azadeh Sharifi moghadam ¹
• Fatemeh Habibi ²
• Mahieh Eshaghi ³

¹ PhD in Linguistics, Associate Professor, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman

² Postdoctoral Researcher in Quranic and Hadith Sciences, Al-Zahra University

³ PhD in linguistics, Tehran University

چکیده [English]

There are many verses in the Holy Qur'an that are related to God’s wrath toward man. The frequency of these verses which are presented in different grammatical forms and meanings implies the importance of this divine message which is to be transferred to the human. Undoubtedly, God’s wrath is quite different from human anger in nature. However, a man knows the concepts that he has experienced himself and this includes emotions like anger. According to cognitive linguists, metaphor is a way of converting abstract concepts (namely the source domains) to concrete concepts (namely the target domains). This study seeks to answer the following questions:1.How does the concept of divine anger is conceptualized in the Holy Quran?  2.What are the target domains? 3.What are the differences between the prototype scenario in God and a man?
The theoretical framework used in this study is Kovecses’s (1986) theory of human anger. His model includes a list of source domains that are mapped onto the target domain of anger as well as the scenario of anger. The source domains are: A) “anger is fire/heat” as the central metaphor. The major metaphors are: B) Anger is insanity. C) Anger is a dangerous animal. D) Anger is an opponent (in a struggle). E) Anger is a burden.
F) Anger is trespassing. More metaphors are “existence are pressure” and “body is the container of feeling”. The scenario of anger which is called “prototype scenario” include the following stages:an offending event, anger, control, loss of control, an act of retribution.                                                                                        
Cognitive linguistics was introduced by the publication of the book “Metaphors We Live by” by Lakoff and Johnson in the '80s. This approach made fundamental changes in the study and analysis of metaphor that has remained unchanged since Aristotle. The new approach quickly replaced the classic one and it soon attracted many researchers. The term ‘conceptual metaphor’ is well known among Iranian researchers and a significant number of works can be found in this area. As an illustration, Hooshagi & Seyfiporgu (2009) studied the most frequent source domains in the Holy Quran and listed them. Ghaeminiya (2009) also analyzes the conceptual metaphors used in the Holy Quran, believing that cognitive theory has an impact on understanding the Qur'anic verses. Pourebrahim (2009) lists the types of conceptual metaphors in the first half of the Qur'an (15 parts).Veysi & Ouraki (2015) analyze metaphorical structures in the holy Quran. They believe that the cognitive approach is capable of analyzing verbal metaphors.  Finally, Andalibi (2006) focuses on the meta-metaphor of " Man as the Servant of God" and studies the relationship between ‘God’ and ‘Man’ in the metaphoric terms.                               
The present study is qualitative and descriptive-analytic research. To investigate how the concept of anger is conceptualized in the Holy Quran, the verses in which the concept of anger was expressed metaphorically were first extracted and then were examined regarding the source domains as well as the prototype scenario. Our aim was to identify the familiar and understandable concepts ( to man) which are used in the Quran.
The target domains were found in the conceptualization of divine anger in Qur'an were: fire, damage and destruction (disease, natural disaster, and destruction), animals, space (excommunication, damn and sealing the heart) and darkness. The target domains used in Qur'an show that although divine anger is quite different from human anger, conceptualization is done in a way that makes it easy and understandable for the human beings. Moreover, the stages of anger for  God are different from the stages of anger in man. The divine scenario of anger consists of the following three stages: ‘Guidance’ is the first stage in which God shows the right path to the people through the prophets and the Holy Scriptures. ‘Warning’ is the next step. In the Holy Quran, there are many verses that prohibit man from committing certain sins, such as disbelief and lies. The last stage is divine retribution in which God prescribes definite retributions for the sinners.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• The Holy Quran
• Cognitive linguistics
• Conceptual metaphors
• The model of anger
• Source and target domains