نقش پلنیوم گیجگاهی در پردازش مشخصه‌های شخص و شمار در افراد دوزبانه: شواهدی از fMRI

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکترای تخصصی زبان‌شناسی، دانشکدة علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

2 دکترای تخصصی روان‌شناسی، استاد گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه هومبولت برلین، برلین، آلمان

3 دکترای تخصصی تصویربرداری عصبی، استادیار گروه علوم اعصاب، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

پلنیوم ­گیجگاهی یک ناحیة مغزی است که درون شیار سیلوین و بخش خلفی قشر شنوایی (شکنج هشل) قرار گرفته و به ­سبب همپوشانی ­اش با ناحیة ورنیکه، به ­عنوان کانون کارکردی شبکة زبان قلمداد می­شود. پژوهش‌های بسیاری اهمیت ویژة پلنیوم ­گیجگاهی چپ را در انواع فرایندهای شنیداری و زبان­-ویژه نشان داده­ اند. شواهد دیگری نیز بر دخالت پلنیوم ­گیجگاهی راست در توجة شنیداری و تکالیف محرک‌محور دلالت دارد. با وجود حجم گستردة بررسی‌های انجام‌شده دربارة نقش پلنیوم­ گیجگاهی، هنوز میزان دخالت این ناحیة مغزی در دوزبانگی در هاله ­ای از ابهام قرار دارد. افزون‌براین، نگارندگان علاقمندند تا نقش پلنیوم ­گیجگاهی را در مطابقة شخص-شمار در دوزبانه ­ها پیگیری کنند. به‌این‌منظور، تعداد 36 نفر دوزبانة ترکی-فارسی (21 زن) که زبان دوم­شان را به‌صورت رسمی در سن 7 سالگی آموخته بودند، انتخاب شدند. برمبنای شاخص تسلط دوزبانه، هیچ تفاوتی بین سطوح بالای بسندگی شرکت ­کنندگان در زبان اول (ترکی) و دوم (فارسی) وجود نداشت. شرکت‌کنندگان یک آزمون شنیداری قضاوت دستوری ­بودگی با الگوی زبان­گردانی جایگزین را به هنگام گرفتن تصاویر اف.ام.آر.آی اجرا کردند. یافته ­های پژوهش نشان داد که در طول اجرای یک آزمون دوزبانه، دخالت پلنیوم ­گیجگاهی چپ در مقایسه با پلنیوم ­گیجگاهی راست در مطابقة شخص-شمار بیشتر بود. همچنین، بدون در نظرگرفتن نوع زبان مورد پردازش، آزمایش فعلی نشان داد که در ناحیة پلنیوم ­گیجگاهی، جمله‌های دارای مشخصة شمار فعالیت بیشتری را در مقایسه با جمله‌های دارای مشخصة شخص ایجاد کردند که دال بر پردازش متمایز زیرساختی عبارات ارجاعی و ضمیرها در این ناحیة مغزی است.  

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The contribution of Planum Temporale in Number-Person features processing in bilinguals: An fMRI study

نویسندگان [English]

  • Simin Meykadeh 1
  • Werner Sommer 2
  • SeyedAmirHossein Batouli 3
1 PhD in Linguistics, Department of Linguistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The Planum Temporale (PT) is a cortical area posterior to Heschl's gyrus and within the Sylvian fissure. Hemispheric PT asymmetry of functional activation during hearing- or language-related tasks is well-established. Due to the role of the PT in language processing, we examined its contribution to phi-feature agreement processing.
The theory of phi-features (Ackema and Neeleman, 2018, 2019) has proposed two core hypotheses for Number and Person agreements. First, R-expressions do not have Person, while pronouns do. Second, all Persons have a Person feature. By contrast, singular is the absence of a Number feature. This account is based, among others, on the evidence reported by Zawiszewski, Santesteban and Laka (2016) and Mancini et al. (2017), which proposes two generalizations for fMRI activation when the verb carries incorrect agreement. In sentences with R-expressions as subject, Person behaves qualitatively differently from Number and will have a quantitatively larger effect. In sentences with pronouns as subject, there are no qualitative differences between Person and Number, but Person will have a quantitatively larger effect. Recently, Meykadeh et al. (in press) addressed the case where R-expressions and Pronouns were used as subject, respectively, for Number and Person Violations and showed that Number Violations evoked more effects than Person Violations in posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus. The authors suggested that R-expression and pronoun processing are qualitatively different. It is currently unknown whether this pattern is also true for the PT area. Hence, in the present analysis we investigated the contribution of PT to phi-features processing of L1 and L2 sentences.
The current study addresses the following questions:

To what extent is left and right PT involved in phi-features processing by balanced bilinguals?
How does the PT area contribute to L1-L2 Number-Person phi-features processing?
Is the PT area equipped with feature-mapping mechanism to identify Number and Person features?

To answer these questions, we adapted a bilingual task with an alternating language switching paradigm, in a population of balanced bilinguals and applied fMRI recordings.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Turkish-Persian balanced bilinguals
  • Number-Person features
  • Planum Temporale
  • left hemisphere
  • fMRI

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