فرایند درهم‌شدگی در دگرگونی واجی ستاک‌های گذشته با پایانة «- شت»‏

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دکترای تخصصی زبانشناسی، استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد چالوس

چکیده

در بسیاری از زبان‌های ایرانی- از جمله فارسی- ستاکِ گذشته، در ریشة ‌برخی فعل‌ها که پس از یک واکه، مختوم به /r/ هستند، در حالتی به /-št/ ختم می‌شود که /r/ از ساختمان آن‌ها حذف‌ می‌گردد. با توجه به اینکه پایة بنیادین ستاک گذ‌شته‌ساز، تکواژ /t-/ ‌است که طی فرایندهای واژ-واجی، به صورت تکواژگونه‌های مختلفی نمود می‌یابد، نگارنده بر آن شد تا روند ساختار این تکواژ ویژه را، که در پژوهش‌های پیشین نادیده گرفته شده و یا به‌درستی تبیین نشده بود، بررسی و تحلیل نماید. هدف نگارنده تحلیل و تبیین روند ساختار این تکواژ ویژه روی پایة بنیادین ستاک گذ‌شته‌ساز، تکواژ /t-/ ‌است که در پژوهش‌های پیشین  نادیده گرفته شده یا به‌درستی تبیین نشده بود. فرض پژوهش از این قرار است که در خوشة همخوانی نخستی که /rstـ/ بوده، فرایند درهم‌شدگی [r] واکرفته در [s] صورت گرفته و به پدیدآیی صدای واج‌شدة /‏š‏/ ‏انجامیده‌است. با بهره‌گیری از الگوی آواشناختی-محور در دگرگونی واجی شامل برنامه‌ریزی حرکتی در تولید گفتار، ‏آیرودینامیک گفتار، ساز و کار حرکت بخش‌های دستگاه گفتاری و ادراک گفتار و به ویژه آواشناسی ‏تعاملی، هر دو رویکرد درزمانی و هم‌زمانی مورد نیاز، چه برای تحلیل و چه برای استخراج شواهد ‏به‌کار گرفته شده‌است. داده‌های پژوهش، همة ستاک‌های گذشتة دارای این موضوعیت در زبان فارسی بوده‌اند. شواهد نظری و تجربی، هم در داده‌ها و هم در دیگر نمونه‌های تاریخی یا به‌روز، تأییدکنندة درستی فرضیه در پیدایی واج /š/ در ستاک گذشتة فعل و حذف /r/ از پایة آن به سبب درهم‌شدگی /rs/ بودند. یکی دیگر از یافته‌های پژوهش، این است که تکواژگونة زیرساختی این دسته از ستاک‌ها می‌بایست /st/ بوده ‌باشد. پیشنهاد می‌شود این یافته در پژوهش‌های آینده، به صورت آزمایشگاهی نیز بررسی شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Telescoping in Phonemic Change of the Past Stems Ended by “-št”‎

نویسنده [English]

  • Fereshteh Momeni
PhD in Linguistics, Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty Member, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch
چکیده [English]

In many Iranian languages including Persian, the past tense stem of some verbs terminates with –št, while their present stem ends with a /r/ which in fact exists in the root; but this /r/ does not appear in the past stem. These verbs are /ænbaštæn/, /engaštæn/, /pendaštæn/, /daštæn/, /kaštæn/, /gozaštæn/, /gaštæn/, /gozæštæn/, /gomaštæn/, /negaštæn/ and their combinations. Concerning the basic morpheme of │T│ for the past tense of verbs represented in different allomorphs (t, d, st, št, xt, ft, ɑd, ud and id), this research aims to detect the process of formation the -št form of this morpheme in the mentioned verbs. The question is what phonemic processes have led to the deletion of a consonant (r) from the root (which is athwart the definition of "root”) and appearance of /š/ in the past stem. The main motivation for this investigation was the lack of convincing reason, explanation or even analysis for the issue. This research based on phonetic factors for sound change containing the elements of motor planning, aerodynamic constraints, gestural mechanics, and especially interactive-phonetic (IP) on one hand, and historical studies on the other hand, has applied both diachronic and synchronic evidences for analysis and explanation of the sound change, and ultimately morpheme formation in the discussed subject.
The absence of a consonant in the stem of a verb, in Persian is a token for being stem constructor, but the presence of a consonant in the root and its absence in only one of the stems indicates that there must be a reason for disappearing the consonant of the root; particularly in past stems due to their construction. In the base of all past stems, “t” or “d” (depending on their voicing the environment) is seen, whilst the presence of /š/ (the only phoneme without any vestige neither in the root nor in the base form of stems, unlike other phonemes than “t/d” in the stems) in /št/ has been regarded as the sole “exceptional” past stem morpheme by the scholars, due to the lack of any reason for it.
The assumption of this study was that the initial allomorph of past stem constructor should have been /st/ which had make the ending consonant cluster /rst/, and then through the telescoping process of the /r/ (unvoiced [ɾ/ɹ]) with [s] has triggered to emerge /š/. The question here is about the fount of /s/ in the stem. Some investigations have pointed out that in the aorist paradigm of the Old Iranian languages including Old Persian, /s/ had been the aorist stem constructor; therefore some stems were ended with /*rst/. According to researchers, this /s/ is still seen in some verbs, despite vanishing of aorist inflection, and in some cases, it has been changed into /š/.
This statement improves our presupposition about the initial allomorph of past stem constructor /st/ instead of /št/ to make ending consonant cluster /rst/ in the past stem. Moreover, one of the most frequent past tense morpheme of many stems in Iranian languages is /-st/, and based on diachronic (e.g. in Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Languages) and synchronic (German dialects and Scandinavian Languages) studies there is a universal sound change of s→š in an especial context. Hereupon, it seems reasonable to emerge such phoneme in the discussed stems if the condition is fulfilled. One of the triggering conditions has been reported in ruki rule (s → š / r, u, k, i -). Concerning the adjacency of /r/ (the last consonant of the root) and /s/ of the morpheme /st/, the condition is acquired, but the data in Iranian Persian language show that a /t/ or /n/ is needed for the change to occur.
The process of this phonemic change seems to be a phasic telescoping process via saltation (conversion of sound A to C, leaping over a phonetically intermediate sound B) as follows. In order to articulate /r/ at the end of the root and the /s/ of the past tense morpheme, respectively the tip and the blade of the tongue touches the back and the front of the alveolar ridge. In this companion, /s/ gets regressive assimilation with /r/ and becomes retroflex ([ʂ]: intermediate of saltation) by pulling back the tip of the tongue into the hard palate, but the alveolar /t/ in /st/ (which is articulated by blade of the tongue in Persian language) removes immediately the retroflex feature by pulling up the tip of the tongue toward the blade to form /š/. Thus based on telescoping process, contrary to the opinion of most scholars, the /r/ of the root has not been omitted but has been merged into /s/ to emerge the sole phoneme /š/: CVr+st →CVšt.
The results not only explain the sound change in the above mentioned verbs, but also in some other words in Persian  (e.g. /gošne/ hungry, /tešne/ thirsty and etc.); and in dialects of Iranian languages (e.g. /šuštan/ in Mahabadi Kurdish and /šištan/ in Davani dialect for /šostan/ to wash in Persian). As previously mentioned, in all of the samples of this change a /t/ or /n/ must be after /rs/ (Vrsn/t). Moreover, the appearance of this phenomenon in simple words (free morphemic structure) like gošne (hungry), tešne (thirsty), Paštu (Pashto), pašne (heel) and so forth, indicates that this change cannot be a morphophonemic change. Therefore, this view does not consent to most of the studies in this case which remark it as a morphophonemic change; athwart, it accords with all studies and findings in IP model on phonemic change of /s/ to /š/.     

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Telescoping
  • Past Stem
  • Interactive-phonetic (IP)
  • Merger
  • Saltation

مراجع

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زبان پژوهی
دوره 12، شماره 36
آذر 1399
صفحه 257-279

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